To the page “Scientific works”
Prof. Dr. S.V. Zagraevsky
To the question about length, plan and appearance of
pre-Mongol fortifications of Vladimir
Published in Russian: Çàãðàåâñêèé Ñ.Â. Ê âîïðîñó î äëèíå, î÷åðòàíèÿõ è âíåøíåì âèäå äîìîíãîëüñêèõ óêðåïëåíèé Âëàäèìèðà // Ìàòåðèàëû XXI ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé êðàåâåä÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè (15 àïðåëÿ 2016 ã.). Âëàäèìèð, 2017. Ñ. 314–322.
Annotation
The research by Prof. Dr. S.V.
Zagraevsky ascertained the issues of questions of length, plan and appearance
of pre-Mongol fortifications of the city of
Attention!
The following text was
translated from the Russian original by the computer program
and has not yet been
edited.
So it can be used
only for general introduction.
The topography of the pre-Mongol the city of
Il. 1. The plan of Vladimir XII–XIII centuries
(according to N. N. Voronin).
The digits on the plan identifies: I– the city of Monomakh (Picerni city); II – Vecanoi the
city; III – New city; IV – the citadel; 1 – the Church of the Saviour; 2 – the
Church of St. George; 3 – the assumption Cathedral; 4 – the Golden gate; 5 –
Originy gate; 6 – gates of brass; 7 – Silver gate; 8 – Volga gate; 9 –
Demetrius Cathedral; 10 – ascension monastery; 11 – Christmas monastery; 12 –
assumption (center) monastery; 13 – Trade gate; 14 –
Ivanovskie gate; 15 – the gate of the citadel; 16 – the Church The exaltation
of the Bargain.
Preserved traced on the ground many fragments of ancient
So, in the territory the Western part of the pre-Mongol Vladimir South
of the Golden gate goats is Val, further to the Southeast along the border of
the Patriarch's garden slopes down to The Klyazma Galaski shaft, reaching to
On-site the middle part of the pre-Mongol city on the
West side is clearly visible Trinity the shaft passing along
Within the East part of the pre-Mongol Vladimir on the Northern edge of
the plateau in the vicinity of the stadium "Lybid" and the former
cinema "the World" has preserved a small fragment of the conception
shaft. On the southern edge of the Station along the street opposite the
distillery and along the streets are remnants of the Theology of the shaft.
Nevertheless, in the problem determine the length, shape and appearance
of the fortifications of Vladimir XII–XIII centuries, at first glance seeming
long been solved, actually a lot controversial issues.
By N. N. Voronin, the total length of the pre-Mongol
But once there the question is, how could up to a meter to indicate the
length of the Eastern fortifications part of the city, just hypothetically
assuming the location of the Silver gate and, accordingly, the shape of the
line of fortifications near the gate. The same refers to the Western part,
where a similar problem occurs because not exactly the installed location of
the Volga. Landslides of soil on the cliffs too could change the shape of the
boundaries of the fortifications.
We have the opportunity more or less exactly (of course, with the
accuracy of a meter, and up to ten) to determine only the length of the
fortifications of the middle part of the pre-Mongol Vladimir (as we said above,
this length N.N. Voronin called about – "a few more than 2500 m"). In
fact in the case that the southern edge of the fortifications took place at
the existing edge, this length is about 2410 m6. If in the
pre-Mongolian time the edges of the breaks were on, then the length of the
fortifications was more, and to figure it out, you have to add to it twice the
width alleged opolska region (for example, if slid20 m soil, the initial the
length of the fortifications would have been about2450 m). But below we show
that such large landslides on the cliffs Vladimir was not.
Our length measurement the pre-Mongol fortifications the rest of the
city gave the following results:2450 m(East part) and1940 m (Western).
Accuracy – plus or minus30 m depending on the degree the alleged proximity of
the outlines of the fortifications to the realities of the pre-Mongol time and
scale of a hypothetical landslide.
Thus, the total length city fortification pre-Mongol Vladimir was
about6800 m (not counting the citadel, the court of Yuri Dolgoruky,
yards and other fortified monasteries). External Vladimir perimeter of the
fortifications was about5560 m.
Controversial is the question and about the appearance of the pre-Mongol
Vladimir fortifications. By N. N. Voronin, on entire it was powerful shafts,
reaching the base width24 mhigh to9 mwith wood chopped the fence at the top.
These findings the researcher made on the basis of modern Kozlov sizes7
Ivanovo and8 shafts.
A.V. Stoletov did the amendment that near the Gantry shaft the building
of the Golden gate "rooted in the ground" about1,5 m relative to the
pre-Mongol fluorescent surface, and believed that the initial height of the
shaft was even bigger than thought N. N. Voronin – almost 11 m9. And
VP Glazov determined the width of the shafts of Vladimir 28-30 m10.
Such a huge height and the width of Vladimir shafts we see on other
reconstructions11, and on the layout of the pre-Mongol Vladimir
presented in the exhibition Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-reserve12.
Residential and public the buildings stand as if in the pits formed by the
enormous fortifications. Accordingly, the work on these fortifications were to
be truly Titanic. For Example, N. N. Voronin believed that the middle part of
the city under Vladimir Monomakh built, thousands of people involving hundreds
of carts13. It is unlikely at this time in North-Eastern Russia, not
yet fully Christianized and colonized by the Russian princes14, was
possible mobilization such significant resources.
Il. 2. The layout of Vladimir XII–XIII centuries,
located in the exposition of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-reserve.
Actually the pre-Mongol shafts and Vladimir, and the vast majority of other
Russian wood and earthen fortifications were not as impressive. A the extant
city walls, traditionally considered to be the pre-Mongol, as a result of
numerous sprinklings of the soil in the XV–XVII centuries received much more
height than in the pre-Mongolian time. Prove it.
First, if the height Vladimir Kozlov shaft in the XII century was 9-11
m, the top was higher combat site, hosted on the deck through the arch of
Golden gate on a height of about6 m (respectively, in pre-Mongol times –
about7.5 m). In this case becomes unclear assignment of a bricked up doorway
opposite exit the combat area under the arch from the middle platform of the
stairs, as this the doorway would lead into the interior of the mound shaft (it
drew the attention of N. N. Voronin15).
Secondly, according to archaeological research, Vladimir Ivanovo shaft
originally had a height of 1.8–1.9 m16, inside it there are traces
of several different steps construction, and he rested on the cultural layer of
the XI–XII centuries, ie it was poured later appearance at this place of city17.
Thirdly, within the shaft in In Suzdal near ancient Ilyinsky gate
(extrapolated the present height more6 m) pre-Mongolian rampart was only at a
height of 1.5 m18;
Fourthly, the initial height of the shafts of Dmitrov was 1.5–2 m
extrapolated current height up to 18 m19;
Fifthly, the initial the height of the trees Peniscola (smotrokovsky)
town of XV century was2.4 mand in our time, it approximately 4 m20;
Sixth, the shafts of Pinsk in the the final period of their existence
had a height of up to 18-20 m, and in primary – about 3 m21;
Seventh, the traces numerous sprinklings the author observed in the
sections of shafts and Przemysl Moscow, and of Radonezh.
Eighth, in many cases of pre-Mongolian trees, if they in the future had
to be, in General, disappeared with the face of the earth, even if around in
the new time was not conducted any little bit intensive construction works (as
in Kideksha, Vyshgorod in Yakhroma, Gorodnya Tver region, Kamenskoye
Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region and many others. etc.). It is
characteristic that in Kolomna pre-Mongolian trees do not only not preserved,
but traces of them are still not found – in a very intensive archaeological
research conducted in the twentieth century22.
From the above, we can conclude that compared to pre-Mongol times
were significantly spiked and city walls of Vladimir (in particular, known
repairs of the walls in 1536, as well as walls and shafts in 1670-1674 years23).
The question may arise: why in the XVIand XVII centuries could be
necessary to pour the ancient wood-land strengthen, typologically corresponding
to the fortifications of the ancient Gauls, which masse captured Julius Caesar?
Strengthen, according to the world standards considered hopelessly outdated in
the pre-Mongol time24?
The answer is: ancient the wood-land fortress, paradoxically, in the
XVIand XVII centuries received the "second breath" in connection with
the development of artillery. The shafts played a role of the parapets and
bastions, on which was effectively to place the cannon. And these
fortifications (of course, their excavation, and not the wooden parts, which
were easy to sweep away from shafts with not only cannons, and catapults, as
did the Mongols during the invasion of Batu) had been it is highly resistant to
enemy artillery fire. Cannon placed in earthen bastions, were protected. Not in
vain in times of Peter the great earthen bastions were arranged around the many
stone Russian fortresses, including the Moscow Kremlin.
And laid side the doorway of the Golden gate at the height of7.5 m
relative to the surface XII–XIII centuries points us to the level of the combat
sites of city walls in the pre-Mongol time is not in vain in the middle of the
stairs of the Golden gate, where he crossed two human flow (with city walls and
battle site), there was a significant trumpet white stone walls25.
Since we don't know the altitude of the Gorodnya (crates, Tarasov) that
shaped the city walls of Vladimir, we unable to determine the original height
of the shaft only approximately Kozlov. If make the height of the Gorodnya for
2-3 m, then the height of this shaft does not exceed5 m (to clarify
these numbers can new archaeological research). Accordingly, there were less
than width shaft, and the depth of the ditch in front of him.
Not necessary be sure that any strengthening of Vladimir could not be
higher Kozlova shaft, on the floor – the endangered – side.
And from the cliffs over the rivers the shafts, most likely in the
pre-Mongol period generally absent the fortifications consisted only of the
wooden walls. This is to prove the following provisions:
– according to the archaeological research A. A. Yushko, this situation
occurred in almost all ancient hillforts26;
– in the pre-Mongol The Mr coating 3-5-foot shafts on a 50-metre cliffs
above the Klyazma would have led to large additional labor costs, but almost
not increased reliability would strengthen;
– these additional labor costs were especially high that the ground for
loading of the shafts over the cliffs would have to carry from the vicinity of
the city (for outdoor shafts soil was taken from dig ditches in front of them,
but over the cliffs to the river it was to make impossible).
In this regard, we can to Express doubt in the fact that Vladimir
plateau in the course of history the existence of the city, there was a
significant landslide processes.
VP Glazov thought what landslides was caused by the fact that on the
southern edges of the plateau Vladimir, overlooking the Klyazma, the shafts do
not exist already in the plans of the XVIII century27. But here,
first, is seen as the preferred based on the Assembly information position N.
N. Voronin, consisting in the fact that the shafts on the North and South the
edges of the plateau were razed (knocked off the slopes) at the beginning of
the nineteenth century28. Secondly, on the basis from what we have
said above, were razed ramparts, spiked later XII–XIII centuries. In the pre-Mongolian
time these shafts were either no (the walls were going straight to the top of
the slopes), or they were very small. Accordingly, we believe that since that
time the edge of the plateau above cliffs slid not so much – no more than
5-10 m from the edge.
In favor of our position evidenced by the fact that Vladimir assumption
Cathedral, despite its huge size, located no further than ten meters from the
edge of the cliff and low constructive reliability29, did not become
a victim of landslides30. Fortunately for Vladimir monuments,
Klyazma tends not to retreat to the North and to the South (we see the example
of changes of its bed in the district Bogolyubov).
NOTES
1. Voronin N. N. The architecture of
North-Eastern Russia XII–XV centuries. M., 1961-1962. Vol. 1. S. 129.
2. The name given by
Variant names Galyckogo shaft – Nikolo-Galaski,
Borowski – Borovetskaya (Skvortsov I. A., Strogova A. P., O. A. Shagova
Vladimir. Guide book.
3. According to T. P. Timofeeva, any
documents describing the appearance of this hill, there is no, and there is
another version of his appearance: he was created from soil excavated the
building of government Offices. However, this building was built in 1785-1790,
and the ramparts on the southern edge of the plateau were razed (dropped from
slopes) at the beginning of the XIX century (Voronin N. N. The early
history of the
4. Voronin N. N. The Architecture...
T. 1. P. 131.
5. Ibid.
6. The measurements are performed
using a computer program "Google Earth".
7. Voronin N. N. The Architecture...
T. 1. P. 131.
8. Ibid. P. 40.
9. The reconstruction of A.V.
Stoletov given in the book.: Timofeeva T. P. Golden gate in
10. Glazov V. P. In the summer
6616-e (to the topography of
11. For example, see O. V.
reconstruction of Grechany in kN.: Ancient Russian city planning in X–XV
centuries. Under the General editorship N. F. Gulyanitsky. M., 1993. With
174-175.
12. The meeting GUSS, NV-9351, 1980.
13. Voronin N. N. The
Architecture... T. 1. P. 40.
14. According to the "Life of
Abraham of Rostov," if the monk in the squares of
15. Voronin N. N. The
Architecture... T. 1. S. 140.
16. Romanova O. On the site of the
ancient city ramparts were construction // Information portal
"Call.EN", 18.05.2011. http://www.prizyv.ru/archives/336014.
17. Voronin N. N. The
Architecture... T. 1. S.. 41.
18. Sedova M. V. Suzdal in X–XV
centuries. M., 1997. P. 52.
20. Ovsyannikov O. V. Fortified
manor XIV–XV centuries. as monuments of military architecture of the Russian
North. In the book: Brief reports Institute of archaeology. Vol. 172. P.
97-104.
22. Mazurov A. B. the location of
the citadel and the size of Kolomna in the XII–XIII centuries // Local lore
notes. SB. scientific papers of the
23. Voronin N. N. The
Architecture... T. 1. P. 135; Mazur, L. D. Strengthening of the Kremlin and the
Posad Vladimir in the XVII century // Academic Bulletin of the Ural Sri project
raabs. No. 2, 2012. P. 46.
24. For example, here is
25. Voronin N. N. The
Architecture... T. 1. S. 140.
26. Yushko A. A. Moscow land IX–XIV
centuries. M., 1991. S. 97.
27. Glazov V. P. In the summer
6616-e... p. 36.
28. Voronin N. N. From the early
history of Vladimir and his the neighborhood // Soviet archaeology, 1959, No.
4, pp. 74-81.
29. For more information, see:
Zagraevsky SV Yuri Dolgoruky and old white-stone architecture. M., 2001. P. 82.
30. Discovered in due time the
author of this study the tilt of the head temple at 2.5 degrees to the East
(and not South, i.e. not in the direction a cliff) was not associated with a
landslide, and with the fire in 1185 (for details, see: Zagraevsky S. V.
Uspenskii Cathedral in Vladimir: some architectural issues history // to the
memory of Andrei Bogolyubsky. SB. articles.
© Sergey Zagraevsky
To the page “Scientific works”