Prof. Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Architecture of North-Eastern Russia of the end of XIII

Sergey Zagraevsky

Architecture of North-Eastern Russia

of the end of XIII – early XIV c.

Published in Russian: Заграевский С.В. Зодчество Северо-Восточной Руси конца XIII–первой трети XIV века. М.: Алев-В, 2003. ISBN 5-94025-046-7

The book formed the basis for a dissertation for the degree of Ph. D. in Architecture, specialty 18.00.01 ("Theory and history of architecture, restoration and reconstruction of historical and architectural heritage ")

Introduction

Chapter I. The epoch of Dmitry Donskoy?

Chapter II. The epoch of Daniil of Moscow and his sons

Chapter III: Tver Grand Duchy

Chapter IV. The epoch of “ambitious economy”

Conclusion

Applications, notes

Applications, notes

Attention!

The following text was translated from Russian original by the computer program

and has not yet been edited.

So it can be used only for general introduction.

RUSSIAN VERSION

APPENDIX 1

Some proportion of the temples in Kamenskoye, the Trinity-Sergius, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Gorodnya, Mozhaisk and Zvenigorod

1 - St. Nicholas Church in Kamenskoye;

2 Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius;

3 - The Spaso-P%

4 – церковь Рождества Богородицы в Городне;

5 – Никольская церковь (Старо-Никольский собор) в Можайске;

6 – Успенский собор на Городке в Звенигороде.

	1	2	3	4	5	6
The ratio of the width of the rectangle (along the axis North-South) the length (along the axis East-West, without apses)	1,03	0,9	1,0	1,08	1,14	1,0
The ratio of the length of the square, at the level toe zakomaras to the length of the quadrangle on the level cap	1,0	0,94	0,98	1,0	1,0	0,97
The ratio of the length of the square, at the level of 1/3 of height to length on the level cap	1,02	0,98	0,99	1,01	1,0	0,99
The ratio of the height of the drum to the height of the rectangle from the basement to toe zakomaras	0,63	0,69	0,50	0,35	0,47	0,5
The ratio of the diameter of the drum from the top to the diameter of bar%D	0,94	0,94	1,0	0,97	1,0	0,95
Отношение верхнего диаметра барабана к его высоте	1,0	0,94	1,25	0,91	0,9	1,12
Отношение верхнего диаметра барабана к длине четверика на уровне пят закомар	0,44	0,41	0,43	0,29	0,3	0,42
Отношение нижнего диаметра барабана к ширине четверика на уровне цоколя	0,47	0,41	0,42	0,3	0,3	0,42
The approximate ratio of the visible area of the drum to the visible area of the quadrangle from toe zakomaras to the basement	0,28	0,27	0,23	0,12	0,14	0,19
The ratio of the projection of the apses to the length of the square (at the level of the middle of the apses)	0,44	0,20	0,30	0,25	0,2	0,21
The ratio of the height of the apses to the height of the rectangle from the basement to toe zakomaras	0,7	0,9	0,83	0,5	0,5	0,88
The ratio of the height of the pedestal to the height of the drum	0,33	0,61	0	0,35	0,35	0,2
The ratio of the height of a podium (basement) to the height of the rectangle from the basement to toe Zack	0,1	0,19	0,05	0,44	0,4	0,13

Приложение 2

Сравнительный расчет условной стоимости строительства

из «получисто» обработанного белого камня

и из кирпича (плинфы)

The calculation is performed in units of labour input (man-days) on the example of the Church of the scale of the Intercession on the Nerl in case its construction in the technique, typical building of the end of the XIII century to the first third of the XIV century. Then the calculation is carried out in the hypothetical case of construction of similar temple of bricks.

Distance transportation of white stone is taken on Wed%D50 km (для Ростова оно составляло около 250 km, для Твери – около 50 km, для Городни – около 80 km, для Москвы – около 50 km, для Каменского, Можайска, Коломны и Старицы – в пределах 1–2 км).

Used calculations Voronin for the construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl⁴³² and the white-stone Moscow Kremlin⁴³³. To bring indicators of the construction of the Kremlin to the indicators of the Church of the intercession of the adjustment factors are introduced in the smaller volume of construction and the greater complexity of masonry walls and vaults of the temple compared to the walls and towers of the fortress.

1. The notional costs of transporting the stone from the quarries to the construction site.

The volume of rock required for construction, amounted to 408 cubic meters, a weight of 1 cubic meter - 440 kg. Only it was necessary to take 180000 kg stone. Transportation could be carried out in summer boat and the winter - on carts.

1.1. For transportation in the summer:

1.1.1. The average speed of the boat is about 3 km/h (up or downstream).

1.1.2. Movement: 10 hours a day.

1.1.3. On the road at one end goes: 50 km : 3 km/h : 10 hours = 1,7 Nam.

1.1.4. The turnover of the boat (2 late) - 6 days. (exclusive of the day of loading and the day of discharge).

1.1.5. 4 persons can be carried on the same boat about to 1000 kg.

1.1.6. For transportation of stone it is necessary to make lodka-rider:

180000 kg : to 1000 kg = 180.

Total p. 1.1: 180 lodka-rider x 6 days. x 4 persons = 4320 people-DN.

1.2. For transportation in winter:

1.2.1. The average speed carts: about 3 km/h.

1.2.2. Movement: 10 hours a day, i.e. the supply passes 30 km in the day.

1.2.3. Turnover carts: 50 km : 30 km/day x 2 = 6 Nam. (exclusive of the day of loading and the day of discharge).

1.2.4. On a cart can be shipped around 450 kg.

1.2.5. Podvoda-goer for transportation of stone:

180000 kg : 450 kg = 400.

1.2.6. You podvoda-days:

400 podvoda-rider x 6 days. = 2400.

1.2.7. The cost of the horse high and it needs maintenance. For simplicity equate the notional value of "service" horses to the notional value of the contents of the driver.

1.2.8. Total under item 1.2:

2400 Nam. the work of Wagoner + 2400 Nam. work horses = 4800 people-DN.

Total p. 1 (for simplicity, we take the average between p. 1.1. and p. 1.2):

(4320 + 4800) : 2 = 4560 people-DN.

2. Conditional processing costs of white stone.

2.1. Treatment of white stone for masonry walls of the Church of the scale of the Intercession on the Nerl includes:

2.1.1. Breaking: 335 people-DN.

2.1.2. Treatment "semifinished": 2226 people-DN.

2.1.3. The processing of "clean": 1318 people-DN.

Except for the churches of the end of XIII-first

2.2. Кузнечные работы по оправке инструмента для тески камня.

2.2.1. Volume 49400 куб. м stone in the construction of the Kremlin blacksmith's work was 30690 people-DN. Bring them to the volume 408 cu m for the construction of the Church of the scale of Cover:

2.2.2. A correction factor of the transition from construction of the Kremlin to the Church's construction scale of Cover:

408 : 49400 = 0,0083.

Total under item 2.2: 30690 x 0,0083 = 255 people-DN.

Total p. 2: 2561 + 255 = 2816 people-DN.

3. The notional value of construction irrespective of the material is%8

3.1. Data on the construction of the Moscow Kremlin, the following temple scale of the Intercession on the Nerl factor 0,0083 (calculated in paragraph 2.2.2):

3.1.1. The lime burning: 1620 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 13 people-DN.

3.1.2. The clearing to exhaust-kipelki:

968 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 8 persons-DN.

3.1.3. Preparation of the solution:

8300 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 69 people-DN.

3.1.4. The digging of trenches and pits with subsequent filling:

4206 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 35 people-DN.

3.1.5. The transportation of materials for walls

3.1.6. Кладка бутовых фундаментов:

10020 people-DN. x 0,0083 x factor of 1.5 = 125 people-DN.

3.1.7. The device forests:

4682 people-DN. x 0,0083 x factor of 1.5 = 58 people-DN.

3.1.8. The front walls, vaults and drums:

67500 people-DN. x 0,0083 x complexity factor of 2.0 = 1121 people-DN.

3.1.9. The filling of walls: 23350 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 194 people-DN.

Total 3.1 p.: 13 + 8 + 69 + 35 + 125 + 58 + 1121 + 194 = 1623 people-DN.

3.2. The notional value other works:

3.2.1. Roofing: about 100 people-DN.

3.2.2. The Device Is%B

3.2.3. Двери, оконницы и прочие детали: около 400 чел.-дн.

3.2.4. Based complexity of manufacturing figured elements isolate the parts specific to construction of the end of XIII century to the first third of the XIV century. These items could be used in white stone, and brick construction. Volume their production will take approximately equal to 700 people.-DN.

Total 3.2 p.: 100 + 100 + 400 + 700 = 1300 people-DN.

Total under item 3 (labor content of building works in any material):

(p. 3.1 + 3.2 p.) = 1623 + 1300 = 2923 people-DN.

4. Total average estimated cost of conventional (labor), the white-stone building of the temple of the end of the XIII century to the first third of the XIV century:

(p. 1 + p. 2 + p. 3) = 4560 + 2816 + 2923 = 10299 people-DN.

5. The notional value of construction in the hypothetical case of construction of the temple of bricks.

5.1. Conditional cost of production of brick:

5.1.1. 10 construction of furnaces required for construction:

20 person-days. one oven = 200 person-days.

5.1.2. Obtaining 408 cubic meters of clay:

1 person - 1 cubic meter per day, i.e. 408 people-DN.

5.1.3. Delivery of clay from the quarry, forming, download1 cubic m в день:

3 х 408 = 1224 чел.-дн.

5.1.4. Подвоз дров для печи (1 подвода):

2 чел.-дн. х 220 дней = 440 чел-дн.

Total 5.1 p.: 200 + 408 + 1224 + 440 = 2272 people-DN.

5.2. The notional value of construction work regardless of the material was calculated in paragraph (3: 2923 people-DN.

Total for 5 p.: 2272 + 2923 = 5195 people-DN.

6. A comparison of the notional value of the building of white stone and brick: p. 4 : 5 p. = 10299 : 5195 = 1,98.

7. Conclusion: the temple of the end of XIII-XIV century, beginning from "semifinished" processed white stone on average more expensive such as brick in%2

8. In the case of the Church location near the quarries (which took place in Kamenskoye, Mozhaisk, Staritsa and Kolomna), we can neglect the transport component. Then the ratio of notional value of the building of white stone and brick is:

(p. 4 - p. 1) : p. 5 = (10299 - 4560) : 5195 = 1,1.

NOTES

¹ Nekrasov A.I the Emergence of the Moscow art. So 1. M., 1929. C. 13.

² This practice this%

³ For more information, see: Zagraevsky SV Yuri Dolgoruky and old white-stone architecture. M., 2002 (hereinafter - Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture). C. 4.

⁴ PSRL, 10:167.

⁵ O.M. ioannisyan, Torshin E.N., P.L. Zykov Church of Boris and Gleb in Rostov the Great. - In the book: Old Russian art. Rus. Byzantium. The Balkans. XIII century. Saint Petersburg, 1997 (hereinafter - ioannisyan, and others, 1997). C. 232.

⁶ PSRL, 18:81-82; 10:167.

⁷ Voronin N.N. Architecture%1, M., 1961; Т.2, М., 1962 (далее – Воронин, Зодчество). Т. 2, с. 139.

⁸ ПСРЛ 15:42, 414.

⁹ Antipov IV of the old Russian architecture in the second half of the XIII century to the first third of the XIV century, SPb, 2000. C. 28.

¹⁰ PSRL, 18:89; 15:44.

¹¹ PSRL, 8:170.

¹² PSRL, 15:45.

¹³ Kavelmaher CENTURIES, Panova ETC. Remnants of the white-stone Church of the XIV century in the Cathedral square of the Moscow Kremlin. - In the book: Culture of medieval Moscow XIV-XVII centuries M, S 66.

¹⁴ PSRL, 7:202; 18:91; 20, PM 1:179.

¹⁵ PSRL, 20, part 1:282.

¹⁶ PSRL, 15:45; 7:202; 18:91.

¹⁷ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 158.

¹⁸ PSRL, 7:203-304; 10:206; 15:47; 18:92.

¹⁹ PSRL, 21:585.

²⁰ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 385.

²¹ Kavelmaher V.V., Orlov S. p. Two architectural fragments from the Dormition Cathedral in Kolomna Kremlin (the question of the early stone construction in Kolomna). - In the book: Materials creative report of the trust Mosoblstroyrestavratsiya". M., 1984 (hereinafter - Kavelmaher, Kolomna). C. 80-87.

²² Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 163.

²³ Belyaev L.A. Ancient monasteries of Moscow (con. XIII-beginning of the XV centuries) according to areal the

²⁴ The Bulkin, VA, A. M. Salimov assumption Cathedral of the founding of the monastery in XV-XVI centuries. In the book: Tver, Tver region and adjacent territories during middle ages. Vol. 1. Tver, 1996. C. 79-84.

²⁵ Chvorostov EL assumption Cathedral of the founding of the monastery in Tver (problems of reconstruction). In the book: Tver archaeological collection. Vol. 4, so 2. Tver, 2001. C. 346.

²⁶ V.I. Fedorov, Shelepina NS Ancient history of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. M., 1987; V.I. Fedorov New about the ancient topography, and the first stone buildings of the Moscow Kremlin. In the book: The state museums of the Moscow Kremlin. Materials and research. Vol. 1. M., 1973; Fedorov V. Uspensky Cathedral: the study and conservation of the monument. - In the book: Uspensky Cathedral of the Moscow%

²⁷ Zagraevsky S.V. ABOUT the early post-Mongolian architecture of North-Eastern Russia. M., 2003 (hereinafter - Zagraevsky, Early post-Mongolian architecture).

²⁸ Nekrasov A.I of the City of Moscow province. M., 1928 (hereinafter Nekrasov, 1928). C. 164-165.

²⁹ Voronin, Architecture. So 2. C. 204-205.

³⁰ B.L. Altshuler Monuments of architecture of Moscow Russia the second half of XIV-early XV centuries (new studies). Thesis for%2

³¹ Там же.

³² Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 1, с. 326.

³³ Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 48.

³⁴ Ibid., C. 49.

³⁵ Ibid., C. 10.

³⁶ Ibid., C. 91.

³⁷ B.L. Altshuler, New studies on St. Nicholas Church in the village of Kamenka. - In the book: Architectural heritage, № 20. M., 1972 (hereinafter - Altshuller, Kamensky). C. 19.

³⁸ Ibid., C. 21.

³⁹ Ilyin M.A., Maksimov P.N., Kostochkin CENTURIES the Stone architecture of the epoch of blossoming of Moscow. - In the book: The history of Russian art. So 3. M., 1953. C. 342.

⁴⁰ David L.A., Ognev B.A. Forgotten monument of Moscow architecture of the XV century. - In the book: Brief reports of the Institute of history of material culture. Vol. 62. M., Leningrad, 1956. C. 51.

⁴¹ Ibid., C. 55.

⁴² Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 324.

⁴³ Ibid., C. 321.

⁴⁴ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 113.

⁴⁵ Ibid., C. 91.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Ibid, s 24.

⁴⁸ Ibid., C. 91.

⁴⁹ Altshuller, Kamenskoe. C. 22.

⁵⁰ Small Soviet Encyclopedia. M., 1959. So 6, C. 243.

⁵¹ Kuchkin V. A. Formation of the state territory of North-Eastern Russia in the X-XIV centuries. M., 1984. C. 146.

⁵² Altshuller, dissertation. C. 91.

⁵³ Yushko A.A. Moscow ground IX-XIV centuries. M., 1991. C. 88.

⁵⁴ Karamzin N.M. history of the Russian state.

⁵⁵ Там же, т. 5, с. 26.

⁵⁶ Памятники архитектуры Московской области. М., 1975 (далее – Памятники...). Т. 2, с. 215.

⁵⁷ Юшко А.А. Указ. соч., с. 131.

⁵⁸ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 204.

⁵⁹ Altshuller, Kamenskoe. C. 25.

⁶⁰ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 205.

⁶¹ Altshuller, Kamenskoe. C. 25.

⁶² Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 204.

⁶³ Ibid.

⁶⁴ Inv. No. of CCM-130.

⁶⁵ Christianity. Encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1995 (hereinafter - Christianity). So 2, S. 258.

⁶⁶ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 204.

⁶⁷ Ibid., C. 142.

⁶⁸ Ibid., C. 228.

⁶⁹ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 13-158.

⁷⁰ PSRL, 18:103.

⁷¹ PSRL, 8:8; 18:108.

⁷² PSRL, 8:34.

⁷³ Karamzin.

⁷⁴ ПСРЛ, 18:151; Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с. 265.

⁷⁵ Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 53–60.

⁷⁶ Памятники... Т. 1, с. 238.

⁷⁷ Там же, с. 269.

⁷⁸ Ibid., C. 215, 222.

⁷⁹ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 69.

⁸⁰ Ibid., C. 72.

⁸¹ PSRL, 18:129.

⁸² Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 207.

⁸³ Ibid., C. 194.

⁸⁴ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 44.

⁸⁵ PSRL, 6:140.

⁸⁶ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 245.

⁸⁷ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 83.

⁸⁸ A.A. Sukhanov the Basement of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin according to the architectural and archaeological studies of the twentieth century. In the book: Art monuments M16. M., 2003. С. 165.

⁸⁹ Приселков М.Д. Троицкая летопись: Реконструкция текста. М., Л., 1950. С. 149.

⁹⁰ ПСРЛ, 20, ч. 1: 231.

⁹¹ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 151.

⁹² Ibid, p 80.

⁹³ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 250.

⁹⁴ A.A. Sukhanov Decree. cit., S. 168.

⁹⁵ Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 29.

⁹⁶ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 252.

⁹⁷ Recall that, according to research by the author, the inner space of the main Church could not exceed 200 square metersand the side of the omphalos - 6 m (see Zagraevsky, %D

⁹⁸ Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 83.

⁹⁹ Суханова А.А. Указ. соч., с. 164.

¹⁰⁰ ПСРЛ, 15:45.

¹⁰¹ Borisov NS Russian Church in the political struggle of the XIV-XV centuries. M., 1986 (hereinafter - Borisov, 1986). C. 61.

¹⁰² Ibid.

¹⁰³ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 5, S. 34.

¹⁰⁴ A.A. Sukhanov Decree. cit., S. 168.

¹⁰⁵ PSRL, 25:228.

¹⁰⁶ Borisov NS Ivan III. M., 2000 (hereinafter - Borisov, 2000). C. 16.

¹⁰⁷ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 53-60.

¹⁰⁸ Detailed substantiation of this date, which nowadays is often questioned, see the book.: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 34-35.

¹⁰⁹ In the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksha clutches treated somewhat more roughly adjustment of stone made less accurate selection of blocks of color worse.

¹¹⁰ Ognev B.A. Some problems of the early Moscow architecture. In the book: "Architectural heritage". So 12. M., 1960. C. 46.

¹¹¹ Rappoport P.A. Construction production of Ancient Rus. St.Petersburg, 1994. C. 131.

¹¹² "Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate" ("should not multiply sushnost the

¹¹³ Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 128-129.

¹¹⁴ Voronin, Architecture. So 1, 325 C.

¹¹⁵ Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. Annex 1, p. a 3.

¹¹⁶ Voronin, Architecture, so 1, S. 285.

¹¹⁷ Ibid, 233 S..

¹¹⁸ Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. Appendix 1.

¹¹⁹ Vygolov VP Architecture of Moscow Rus middle of the XV century. M., 1988. C. 224.

¹²⁰ A.A. Guber, Kolpino UD the Art of Western and Central Europe in the epoch of developed feudalism. the Sabbath.

¹²¹ Огнев Б.А. Указ. соч., с. 60.

¹²² Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 1, с. 94; т. 2, с. 466.

¹²³ Выголов В.П. Указ. соч., с. 71.

¹²⁴ To this author kindly pointed M. ioannisyan in 2002.

¹²⁵ Voronin, Architecture. So 1, 116 S..

¹²⁶ Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

¹²⁷ Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., 121 S..

¹²⁸ Voronin, Architecture, So 1, 106 S.; O.M. ioannisyan, P.L. Zykov, Serve A.V., Glazov VP, Karacheva NM Architectural and archaeological study of Nativity Cathedral in Vladimir. - In the book: The State Hermitage Museum. Reporting archaeologists%D

¹²⁹ Беляев Л.А. Указ. соч., с. 160.

¹³⁰ Огнев Б.А. Указ. соч., с. 45–62.

¹³¹ Там же, с. 57.

¹³² Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 138.

¹³³ Ilyin M.A. Russian tent-roofed architecture. The monuments of the middle of XVI century. M., 1980 (hereinafter Ilyin, Architecture). C. 32.

¹³⁴ B.L. Altshuler Pillarless temples of XIV century in Kolomna. In the book: Soviet archeology, № 4. M., 1977 (hereinafter - Altshuller, Kolomna). C. 156.

¹³⁵ Ibid., C. 160, 166.

¹³⁶ Ibid., C. 159.

¹³⁷ Ibid., C. 163.

¹³⁸ Ibid., C. 160, 164.

¹³⁹ Ibid., C. 166.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid.

¹⁴¹ Ibid., C. 160.

¹⁴² Altshuller, dissertation. C. 15; the results of the excavations Vul the

¹⁴³ Альтшуллер, Коломна. С. 167.

¹⁴⁴ Там же.

¹⁴⁵ Ibid., C. 161.

¹⁴⁶ Ibid.

¹⁴⁷ Vl.v.sedov even believed that the churches of North-Eastern Russia XIV-XV centuries were trehapsidnoy "without exception" (Sedov VLV Features of architecture of North-West Russia in the Church of the Nativity of the virgin in Gorodnya. In the book: "Novgorod antiquity". M., 1993. C. 63), but the one exception we know - the first odnoapsidny the Church of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin (mid 1390-ies), which, however, already in 1416 was rebuilt by trehapsidnoy plan (A.A. Sukhanov Decree. cit., S. 171).

¹⁴⁸ Similar in its time was the place of the temple of Yuri Dolgoruky and Vsevolod the Big Nest, which were also built in size, close to the "maximum security" (see Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture, S. 80-82).

¹⁴⁹ For more information, see Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 82.

¹⁵⁰ Altshuller, Kolomna. C. 172; Altshuller, dissertation. C. 49.

¹⁵¹ Altshuller, Colom%

¹⁵² Там же, с. 164.

¹⁵³ Ильин, Зодчество. С. 32

¹⁵⁴ Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 80.

¹⁵⁵ Суханова А.А. Указ. соч., с. 168.

¹⁵⁶ Альтшуллер, Каменское. С. 22.

¹⁵⁷ Юшко А.А. Указ. соч., с. 88, 90.

¹⁵⁸ Archaeological map of Russia. Moscow region. Vol.2. M., 1995 (hereinafter - the Archaeological map). C. 107.

¹⁵⁹ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 324.

¹⁶⁰ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 324.

¹⁶¹ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 24.

¹⁶² Ibid, 109 S..

¹⁶³ Ibid., 102 S..

¹⁶⁴ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 321.

¹⁶⁵ Spiritual and Treaty ratification of the Grand and appanage princes of the XIV-XVI centuries M-Leningrad, 1950. (Hereinafter - the Spiritual...) C. 8, 15, 17, 34.

¹⁶⁶ Monuments... So 1, S. 247.

¹⁶⁷ Karamzin N.M. FROM

¹⁶⁸ Забелин И.Е. История города Москвы. М, 1905. – Репринтное изд. М., 1990. С. 70.

¹⁶⁹ Федоров, 1985. С. 54–58.

¹⁷⁰ Выголов В.П. Указ. соч., с. 62.

¹⁷¹ Fedorov, 1985. C. 55.

¹⁷² Ibid., C. 56.

¹⁷³ VP Vygolov. The decree. cit., S. 61.

¹⁷⁴ Wagner G.K. From symbol to reality. The development of plastic image in the Russian art of XIV-XV centuries. M., 1980. (Hereinafter - Wagner, 1980). C. 62.

¹⁷⁵ Ibid., C. 57.

¹⁷⁶ The author is grateful Aphrodinae for giving an opportunity to familiarize with these fragments.

¹⁷⁷ Voronin, Architecture. Vol.2, S. 154.

¹⁷⁸ Fedorov, 1985. C. 54.

¹⁷⁹ Wagner, 1980. C. 70.

¹⁸⁰ Подробнее см. Заграевский, Белокаменное зодчество. С. 82.

¹⁸¹ Голубинский Е.Е. История русской церкви. Т.1, ч. 1. М., 1901. Т.1, ч. 2. М., 1904. Reprint ed. M., 1997. Vol. 1, 1 o'clock, S. 338.

¹⁸² Zabelin I.E. Decree. cit., S. 70.

¹⁸³ PSRL, 10:190; 18:89.

¹⁸⁴ For more information, see: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 85.

¹⁸⁵ Vygolov VP Decree. cit., S. 194.

¹⁸⁶ Ibid.

¹⁸⁷ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 153.

¹⁸⁸ Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 87-89.

¹⁸⁹ Fedorov, 1985. C. 57.

¹⁹⁰ Kavelmaher CENTURIES, Panova ETC. Decree. cit., S. 66.

¹⁹¹ Ibid., C. 73.

¹⁹² Kavelmaher CENTURIES Methods of bells and Russian kolokolin

¹⁹³ Кавельмахер В.В., Панова Т.Д. Указ. соч., с. 75.

¹⁹⁴ Там же, с. 71.

¹⁹⁵ Там же, с. 78.

¹⁹⁶ The author expresses his gratitude Aphrodinae for your kind assistance in acquaintance with these wall blocks.

¹⁹⁷ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 158-161; Wagner, 1980. With 75-79; Grashchenkov A.V. Carved white-stone belt temples of Ivan Kalita in the Moscow Kremlin. In the book: Monuments of Russian architecture and monumental art. The capital and the province. M., 1994. C. 37-52; Antipov IV Decree. cit., S. 38.

¹⁹⁸ Zagraevsky, Early post-Mongolian architecture. C. 22, 25.

¹⁹⁹ Kavelmaher, Kolomna. C. 82.

²⁰⁰ Ibid.

²⁰¹ Pictures of these fragments courtesy of V. kavelmaherom.

²⁰² Kavelmaher, Kolomna. C. 84; Altshuller, dissertation, S. 32.

²⁰³ Kavelmaher, Kolomna.C. 83.

²⁰⁴ Ibid., 86 S..

²⁰⁵ Ibid., C. 81.

²⁰⁶ Ibid., C. 82.

²⁰⁷ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, s.

²⁰⁸ Ibid., 102 S..

²⁰⁹ Ibid., C. 103.

²¹⁰Such assumption was stated Kavelmaher in personal conversations with the author in 2002.

²¹¹ CIT. in book.: Ancient Russian city planning in X-XV centuries. Edited Nphoenix. M., 1993. C. 45.

²¹² Eaasy. History of military%2

²¹³ Подробнее см. Заграевский, Белокаменное зодчество. С. 35.

²¹⁴ Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 24.

²¹⁵ Заграевский, Белокаменное зодчество. С. 107.

²¹⁶ Spiritual... S. 8.

²¹⁷ Zvyagintsev LI, Viktorov A.M. White stone suburbs. M., 1989. C. 7.

²¹⁸ These studies were conducted by the author in 2003.

²¹⁹ The location of this quarry author kindly pointed Alexander O. (ilyino), rector of St. Nicholas Church in Kamenskoye.

²²⁰ Zvyagintsev LI, Viktorov A.M. Decree. cit., S. 7.

²²¹ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 321.

²²² Archaeological map. C. 103.

²²³ Kuchkin V. A. Decree. with%D

²²⁴ Карамзин Н.М. Указ. соч., т. 4, с. 141.

²²⁵ Там же, с. 32.

²²⁶ Там же, с. 25.

²²⁷ Там же, с. 188.

²²⁸ Там же, с. 52.

²²⁹ Там же, с. 87.

²³⁰ Юшко А.А. Указ. соч., с. 71.

²³¹ Альтшуллер, Каменское. С. 22.

²³² Yushko A.A. Decree. cit., S. 97.

²³³ Ibid., C. 88, 90.

²³⁴ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, 93 S..

²³⁵ Ibid., C. 105.

²³⁶ PSRL, 10:190; 18:89.

²³⁷ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 163.

²³⁸ The Bulkin, VA, A. M. Salimov Decree. cit., S. 79-84.

²³⁹ Chvorostov EL Decree. cit., S. 346.

²⁴⁰ Ibid.

²⁴¹ Ibid.

²⁴² Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 399; Kuchkin V. A. Decree. cit., S. 196.

²⁴³ PSRL, 11:219, 221; 4, h 1:388; 5:252.

²⁴⁴ V.I. dal Explanatory dictionary of the living great Russian language. St. Petersburg, 1903. Reprint ed. M., 1994. So 1, S. 450.

²⁴⁵ Kuchkin V. A. of the criminal code of The%B

²⁴⁶ Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с. 403.

²⁴⁷ Sedov VLV Features of architecture of North-West Russia in the Church of the Nativity of the virgin in Gorodnya. In the book: "Novgorod antiquity". M., 1993. C. 63.

²⁴⁸ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 405.

²⁴⁹ Sedov VLV Decree. cit., S. 66.

²⁵⁰ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 401.

²⁵¹ In the patrol book 1614. it says, "the Church of the Nativity of the MostHoly mother of God, which is Gorodnya, the Cathedral Church of the Yes side-chapel of St. John the Baptist stone, slim is%81667. the possession of the boyar Aigarakov in the Tver district, says: "In the village of Gorodnya on the Bank of the Volga river talus, and scree the Church of the Nativity of the MostHoly mother of God, in the limit of Christmas we John the Baptist stone buildings... the great princes of Tver Prince Ivan Mikhailovich and son Evo Prince Alexander Ivanovich" (CIT. in the book.: Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 400).

²⁵² PSRL, 11:219, 221.

²⁵³ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 401.

²⁵⁴ Ibid., C. 415.

²⁵⁵ Ibid., C. 411.

²⁵⁶ Ibid., C. 403.

²⁵⁷ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 125.

²⁵⁸ Galasiewicz A.A., Kolpakova G.S. Report on the Church of the Nativity of the virgin in Gorodnya the conference of memory of David L. in the trust "Soyuzrestavratsia", March 28, 2003.

²⁵⁹ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 127.

²⁶⁰ Klug E. the Principality of Tver (1247-1485 years.). Tver, 1994. C. 223.

²⁶¹ PSRL, 11:219, 221.

²⁶² Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 415.

²⁶³ Altshuller, Kamenskoe. C. 23.

²⁶⁴ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 411.

²⁶⁵ Ibid., C. 388.

²⁶⁶ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 5, S. 27; N. Borisov,%D

²⁶⁷ Карамзин Н.М. Указ. соч., т. 5, с. 41.

²⁶⁸ Там же, с. 26.

²⁶⁹ Там же, с. 38.

²⁷⁰ Borisov, 2002, S. 205; Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 5, S. 53

²⁷¹ Borisov, 2002. C. 145.

²⁷² Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 5, S. 34.

²⁷³ Klug E. Decree. cit., S. 221.

²⁷⁴ Borisov, 2002. C. 140.

²⁷⁵ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 253.

²⁷⁶ Klug E. Decree. cit., S. 223.

²⁷⁷ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 424.

²⁷⁸ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 126.

²⁷⁹ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 380.

²⁸⁰ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 127.

²⁸¹ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, S. 163; so 5, S. 25.

²⁸² Sedov VLV Decree. cit., S. 62-69.

²⁸³ Ioannisyan the

²⁸⁴ Там же.

²⁸⁵ Там же, с. 235.

²⁸⁶ Там же, с. 248.

²⁸⁷ Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с. 414.

²⁸⁸ Altshuller, Kamenskoe. C. 19; Altshuller, dissertation. C. 126.

²⁸⁹ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, 84 S..

²⁹⁰ Ibid. C. 98.

²⁹¹ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 402.

²⁹² Kuchkin V. A. Decree. cit., S. 163.

²⁹³ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 411.

²⁹⁴ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 143

²⁹⁵ Ibid. C. 143.

²⁹⁶ Approval of the dynasty. The history of Russia and of the Romanov dynasty in the memoirs of the contemporaries. Andrey Kind, Augustin Myerberg, Samuel Collins, Yakov Horseback Riding

²⁹⁷ Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с. 411.

³⁹⁸ Там же, с. 172.

²⁹⁹ The report on the architectural and archaeological investigations of the monument of architecture of the XIV-XIX centuries Staro-Nikolsky Cathedral in Mozhaisk. Trust Mosoblstroyrestavratsiya". M., 1981, 1982 (hereinafter - the Report, Mozhaisk). So 1, 1 C..

³⁰⁰ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 172.

³⁰¹ Ibid., C. 267.

³⁰² Ibid., C. 272.

³⁰³ Nekrasov, 1928. C. 190, 195, 196.

³⁰⁴ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 288.

³⁰⁵ Ibid., C. 289.

³⁰⁶ Borisov, 2000. C. 20.

³⁰⁷ The Report, Mozhaysk. So 1, 2 C..

³⁰⁸ Voronin, Architecture. So%

³⁰⁹ Суханова А.А. Указ. соч., с. 176.

³¹⁰ Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с. 269.

³¹¹ Отчет, Можайск. Т. 1, с. 3.

³¹² Там же, т. 4, с. 8.

³¹³ Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с. 268.

³¹⁴ Л.Izvarina, Aminjanov. The decree. cit., S. 7.

³¹⁵ CIT. in book.: Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 268.

³¹⁶ Ibid.

³¹⁷ Ibid.

³¹⁸ Ibid, so 1, S. 204.

³¹⁹ The Report, Mozhaysk. So 4, 8 C..

³²⁰ Ibid, s 24.

³²¹ Nekrasov, 1928. C. 195, 196.

³²² The Report, Mozhaysk. So 4, S. 21.

³²³ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 385.

³²⁴ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, 101 S..

³²⁵ Voronin, Architecture. So 1, S. 326.

³²⁶ Ioannisyan, and others, 1997. C. 232.

³²⁷ Zvyagintsev LI, Viktorov A.M. Decree. cit., S. 27.

³²⁸ For more information, see: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 14-20, 141.

³²⁹ For more information, see ibid., C. 48.

³³⁰ Borisov, 2000. C. 393.

³³¹ The assumption FI history of the Byzantine Empire. M., 1997. So 1, S. 603.

³³² For more information, see: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. With. 48-73.

³³³ Ibid, with. 110.

³³⁵ Ioannisyan, and others, 1997. C. 248.

³³⁶ For more information, see: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 38.

³³⁷ Ioannisyan, and others, 1997. C. 248.

³³⁸ PSRL, 1:469; 10:115; 1:473; 17:27; 18:77 and other

³³⁹ Vygolov VP Decree. cit., S. 224.

³⁴⁰ For more information, see: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 31-40.

³⁴¹ Altshuller, di is

³⁴² ПСРЛ, 15, ч. 1:55-57; 10:216.

³⁴³ Альтшуллер, диссертация. С. 107, 112.

³⁴⁴ Подробнее см.: Заграевский, Белокаменное зодчество. С. 68–69.

³⁴⁵ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 439.

³⁴⁶ Ibid., C. 442.

³⁴⁷ Kavelmaher CENTURIES, Panova ETC. Decree. cit., S. 79.

³⁴⁸ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 161.

³⁴⁹ For more information, see: Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 42.

³⁵⁰ Ibid, p 132-136.

³⁵¹ Wagner, 1980. C. 74

³⁵² Borisov, 2000. C. 191.

³⁵³ Wagner, 1980. C. 134

³⁵⁴ Ibid., C. 194.

³⁵⁵ For more information, see Zagraevsky, 2000. C. 64, 116.

³⁵⁶ For more information, see Zagraevsky, white-stone architecture. C. 123.

³⁵⁷ Ibid., C. 48-51.

³⁵⁸ Macarius, Mitropol%D

³⁵⁹ SV zagraevsky. Jesus of Nazareth: the life and teachings. M., 2000 (hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2000). C. 117-120; SV zagraevsky. God is not the murderer. M., 2001 (hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2001). C. 112-114.

³⁶⁰ Chronicle of Christianity. M 1999. (Hereinafter - Chronicle of Christianity). C. 109.

³⁶¹ Britannica. Article “Nicaea, Council of”.

³⁶² Chronicle of Christianity. C. 109.

³⁶³ Acts of the Ecumenical councils. Kazan, 1871. So 7, C. 688.

³⁶⁴ E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 57 S.; Voronin,%2

³⁶⁵ Заграевский, 2000. С. 117; Заграевский, 2001. С. 112.

³⁶⁶ Field V.M. Byzantine Art. In the book: General history of art. M., 1960. So 2, including 1, S. 60.

³⁶⁷ Ibid.

³⁶⁸ This philosophy expressed by A.I. Komech in personal conversations with the author in 2002.

³⁶⁹ E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 57 S..

³⁷⁰ Acts of the Moscow cathedrals 1666-1667, M, 1893. CH. 43.

³⁷¹ The decrees of the Holy governing Synod from 1721 to 1878 - In the book. A guide to Orthodox clergy. M., 1878.

³⁷² CIT. in book.: Hroni The%B

³⁷³ Забелин И.Е. Указ. соч., с. 70

³⁷⁴ Там же.

³⁷⁵ For example, Ivan Danilovich in 1322 brought to Russia Tatars destroyed the Yaroslavl and Rostov (Borisov, 1986. C. 52).

³⁷⁶ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, 102 S..

³⁷⁷Borisov, 1986. C. 52-53.

³⁷⁸ Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, 106 S..

³⁷⁹ Ibid, 119 S..

³⁸⁰ Borisov, 1986. C. 70.

³⁸¹ Ibid.

³⁸² Ibid.

³⁸³ Ibid., C. 57.

³⁸⁴ Ibid., C. 70.

³⁸⁵ Ibid.

³⁸⁶ Voronin, Architecture, So-2, 81 C..

³⁸⁷ Mokeev GY Mozhaysk - the Holy city of Russians. XVI century. M., 1992. C. 41.

³⁸⁸ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 68.

³⁸⁹ Ibid., C. 142.

³⁹⁰ Ibid., C. 140.

³⁹¹ Ibid.

³⁹² For more information, see: Zagraevsky, 2001. C. 134.

³⁹³ Salimov A. M. Tverskaya Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral. Tver, 1994. C. 42.

³⁹⁴ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 138.

³⁹⁵ Wagner, 1980. C. 71.

³⁹⁶ There is a chance that the Moscow Kremlin Lapidarium fragments are stored not wall pilasters and rods portal assumption Cathedral Kalita. But still we decided to introduce them to our reconstruction is still in the Metropolitan Cathedral could be larger than%

³⁹⁷ Воронин, Зодчество. Т. 2, с.105;.Вагнер, 1980. С. 28.

³⁹⁸ Воронин, Зодчество. С. 305.

³⁹⁹ Огнев Б.А. Указ. соч., с. 48.

⁴⁰⁰ ПСРЛ, 8:170.

⁴⁰¹ Karamzin. The decree. cit., so 4, 130 C..

⁴⁰² Monuments... So 2, S. 207.

⁴⁰³ Voronin, Architecture. So 1, S. 452.

⁴⁰⁴ Altshuller, dissertation. C. 31.

⁴⁰⁵ Voronin, Architecture. So 2, S. 343.

⁴⁰⁶ Ibid, so 1, S. 326.

⁴⁰⁷ Ibid, so 2, S. 232.

Introduction